ABSTRACT Turning residual biomass into bioenergy promotes rational environmental waste disposal and turn it into a source of energy. In the last decade, the idea of using lignocellulosic biomass to make second-generation (2G) biofuels has become more popular in the energy industry. Thus, this study aimed to show the potential of residual lignocellulosic biomass as raw material for clean and sustainable energy and the technological advances focused on making it economically viable. A narrative review was adopted, in which the material used in the bibliographic survey was organized from scientific sources collected in high-relevance databases. The various factors presented in the review guarantee that the use of lignocellulosic biomass is considered a promising substrate. Furthermore, it indicates a solution to the competition between food supply and fuel production, which occurs with first-generation biofuels, which in the long term seem to be unsustainable. However, despite technological advances for its production and commercialization on a large scale, investment in scientific research is necessary to make the adopted technologies viable. decade secondgeneration second generation 2G G (2G industry Thus viable highrelevance high relevance databases substrate Furthermore firstgeneration first unsustainable However scale

Se obtuvieron cuatros clases de polvos deshidratados de mora encapsulados con maltodextrina utilizando secado por vibro-fluidización (VF), por aspersión (SD) vacio (VD) y liofilización (FD). Se determinaron los datos de de humedad de equilibrio de los polvos de pulpa de mora con 18% de maltodextrina a temperaturas de 20, 30, 40 y 50°C usando el método estático gravimétrico para el intervalo de actividad de agua entre 0.06-0.90. Los valores experimentales del contenido de humedad de equilibrio en función de la actividad de agua fueron ajustados con el modelo de Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) hallándose una buena concordancia entre los valores experimentales y los calculados. El calor isostérico de sorción, calculado utilizando la ecuación de Clausius-Clapeyron a partir de los datos de equilibrio, se incrementó con el aumento de la temperatura y fue ajustado con una relación exponencial. Para muestras de polvos liofilizadas, vibrofluidizadas y a vacio, el calor de sorción fue menor (más negativo) que los calculados para muestras secas en el secador por aspersión. La teoría de la compensación entalpia-entropía fue aplicada a las isotermas de sorción y de las gráficas de ΔH contra ΔS se obtuvieron las temperaturas isocinéticas, indicando un proceso de sorción controlado por la entalpia.

Three different types of maltodextrin encapsulated dehydrated blackberry fruit powders were obtained using vibrofluidized bed drying (VF), spray drying (SD), vacuum drying (VD), and freeze drying (FD). Moisture equilibrium data of blackberry pulp powders with 18% maltodextrin were determined at 20, 30, 40, and 50°C using the static gravimetric method for the water activity range of 0.06-0.90. Experimental equilibrium moisture content data versus water activity were fit to the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model. Agreement was found between experimental and calculated values. The isosteric heat of sorption of water was determined using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation from the equilibrium data; isosteric heats of sorption were found to increase with increasing temperature and could be adjusted by an exponential relationship. For freeze dried, vibrofluidized, and vacuum dried pulp powder samples, the isosteric heats of sorption were lower (more negative) than those calculated for spray dried samples. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied to sorption isotherms and plots of ΔH versus ΔS provided the isokinetic temperatures, indicating an enthalpy-controlled sorption process.